News & Views: What Should I Know About the New MMR Vaccine, PRIORIX?
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Vaccine Update for Healthcare ProvidersPublished on
Vaccine Update for Healthcare ProvidersVaccines to prevent measles, mumps and rubella have been available in the U.S. since the 1960s. The three vaccines were combined to form the MMR vaccine in 1971, and since the late 1970s, only one version, known as MMR II, has been used throughout the U.S. Created by Maurice Hilleman and colleagues at Merck, the MMR vaccine has been responsible for dramatic decreases in the rates of infections and deaths associated with each of these diseases. Measles was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000, and rubella followed in 2004. While rates of mumps decreased by 99%, it has never been declared eliminated from the U.S. because it has yet to meet the criteria — the absence of continuous disease transmission for 12 months or more — for doing so.
However, in mid-2022, something changed. A new MMR vaccine, called PRIORIX, was approved for use in the U.S. PRIORIX is made by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals. So, this month, we thought it would be useful to discuss how these vaccines compare.
Both of the MMR vaccines contain live, weakened viruses that are similar, if not identical, and are delivered in much the same doses:
Because in both cases, the vaccines contain live, weakened viruses, neither contains preservatives. Likewise, the viruses are grown in the same types of cells during the vaccine production process. This means that the measles and mumps components are grown in chick embryo cells, and the rubella component is grown in human fetal fibroblast cells. However, the MMR II rubella component is grown in WI-38 cells, and the PRIORIX rubella component is grown in MRC-5 cells. These are the same two cell lines used for all other vaccines grown in fetal cells, except COVID-19 adenovirus-based vaccines, which use fetal retinal cells. (Note: For more information about the history of fetal fibroblast cell lines refer to the resources section of this article.)
MMR II vaccine also contains small quantities of sugars as well as bovine-sourced products (gelatin and fetal bovine serum), human albumin, and neomycin.
PRIORIX vaccine also contains small quantities of sugars, lactose, and amino acids as well as bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, and neomycin. PRIORIX does not contain gelatin.
Antibody responses following receipt of PRIORIX were similar to those found following receipt of MMR II after both the first and second doses. Likewise, persistence of antibody levels measured two years after vaccination were similar.
Side effect profiles were similar for both vaccines, including the rates and average timing of febrile seizures. Overall, for any MMR vaccine, febrile seizures are estimated to develop at a rate of 3.3 to 8.7 per 10,000 doses, and they are most likely to occur 6 to 11 days after vaccination.
A rare and temporary side effect of measles vaccine is thrombocytopenia, or decreased numbers of platelets. This condition results in decreased blood-clotting efficiency. Comparisons between the rates of thrombocytopenia following receipt of either MMR vaccine found no significant differences.
Because immune responses and safety profiles were similar for MMR II and PRIORIX, the two vaccines are recommended similarly and are considered interchangeable. Dose one of MMR vaccine is recommended at 12-15 months of age and dose two at 4-6 years of age.
Of note, PRIORIX is approved for subcutaneous injection. MMR II is approved for subcutaneous injection and, as of late February 2023, intramuscular injection.
As these diseases still commonly occur throughout the world, having a second supplier of the MMR vaccine in the U.S. is an important development because it gives us another tool for keeping children healthy.
Contributed by: Charlotte A. Moser, MS, Paul A. Offit, MD
Categories: News and Views About Vaccines, Vaccine Update March 2023
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